Interventional studies are necessary to gain new knowledge in medical sciences,they can also be associated with several risks and impose high costs on patients and healthy people, and ethical considerations must be considered, as well. Understanding the ethical challenges and issues of interventional studies is essential. Using placebo, ethical consent, and clinical trials in specific groups are some of these challenges. This systematic review study was conducted to determine ethical considerations in interventional studies with an emphasis on the four ethical principles, including autonomy, non-maleficence principle, beneficence, and justice. Researchers in interventional studies should pay attention to ethics and take the necessary steps in line with these four biological principles.

Interventional studies , especially in laboratory experimental researches , constitute a significant portion of the theses conducted in veterinary faculties across the country . The importance of these study designs in applied research and development underscores the necessity for students and researchers to be familiar with this design . This article begins with a brief history of this type of study . It then proceeds to introduce various types ( laboratory , clinical trials , field trials , social trials , quasi-experimental studies ) , the different phases of this design ( pharmacological and toxicity testing , initial testing for potential therapeutic and safety effects , clinical evaluation stage , post-marketing evaluation ) , and its various methods (parallel design , crossover design , sequential design , factorial design ) . This article also discusses the required sample size for conducting a study , criteria for entry and exit of study participants or animals , blinding and medical ethics . Given the importance of clinical trials , especially in terms of ethical considerations in research , the registration of this type of study after proposal development is also mentioned . This article refers to some examples of interventional studies published in Iran and worldwide so that students and researchers can use these designs as models . It is expected that the reader could critically read these type of articles and reports , published in scientific texts and play an effective role in conducting an experimental ( interventional ) study .

Context: Educational interventions on type 2 diabetes can have life-saving effects. A closer analysis of studies in this area contributes to well-designed interventions. Objectives: We surveyed the effectiveness of interventional studies on type 2 diabetes in the last decade. Data Sources: The research papers were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, SID, and Magiran for Persian and English language studies between 2010 and 2019. The PRISMA checklist was used to select the studies for systematic reviews. Study Selection: The criteria for article selection were experimental studies, quasi-experimental studies, clinical trials, and pretreatment and post-treatment observations. Also, the exclusion criteria were case studies, short articles, cross-sectional studies, descriptive and analytic studies, letters to the editor, and systematic review papers. Finally, 24 studies (out of 1, 374) were entered in our study. Data Extraction: An interventional study checklist was used to report the standard of studies: (1) consolidated standards of reporting trials with 25 items,(2) checklist for experimental design with nine items,(3) checklist for quasi-experimental studies with nine items,and (4) transparent reporting of evaluations with non-randomized designs with 22 items. Results: Twenty-four research papers entered the fi, nal analysis. Most studies were clinical trials with the intervention period ranging from one to 12 months. Patients were usually selected as the participants. The education interventions in most studies were lectures, questions/answers, group discussions, brainstorming, photo/film/slide display, group teaching, individual training, individual counseling, and group counseling. The main focus of the interventions was on physical activity and diet, with positive effects. Conclusions: Most interventions made on type 2 diabetes variables had positive effects. Therefore, it is recommended that in addition to diet and physical activity, other factors of type 2 diabetes be considered in educational interventions. Also, the most effective and appropriate teaching methods should be considered to prevent and control this disease.

Archaeobotany is one of the interdisciplinary sciences in archaeology. Archaeobotany studies plant remains in archaeological contexts. Based on plant findings, it discusses topics such as people's livelihood, agriculture, vegetation, climate changes, dating, etc. So, this course can reply to many questions archaeologists face about an ancient site and people. In recent years, archaeologists have paid a lot of attention to this field and tried to use experts in excavations. One of the excavations that has paid a lot of attention to archaeobotany, is Feyzabad site. This site has Islamic periods. During the excavation in 2022 in this site, some ovens were found, as well as some samples from them. In this research, we intend to answer questions such as the functioning of the sampled ovens and the identification of plant remains in the ovens. Finally, by combining the information found, we will shed light on the lives of the people of this period. By doing this research, our information about the life of the people belonging to this area, their livelihood and the common types of plant remains used in this area will increase. Also, micro information about climatic conditions will be obtained. After carrying out the necessary investigations and research, it was found that the ovens found in the trench D8 are related to cooking to the inner part of the royal citadel. Besides the more specialized work that is being done, animal husbandry and agriculture are popular. Some climate changes such as warmer weather and less humidity were also identified

Background: This study aimed to examine the effects of nursing interventions on high-risk neonates in neonatal intensive care units by systematic literature reviews. Methods: Data were gathered in compliance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews. The systematic review method proposed by Whittemore and Knafl guided this review of studies conducted from 2006 to 2020. The studies were identified in eight electronic databases and scholarly websites. Finally, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: The results of a content analysis of the studies on nursing interventions for high-risk neonates led to the identification of the following nursing interventions: kangaroo care, massage therapy, Yakson, playing mother’ s voice, olfactory stimulation by breast milk, playing mother’ s heartbeat sound, playing mother’ s singing, sensory stimulation, and cycled lighting and auditory stimulation. Conclusion: The findings suggested that these interventions were appropriate interventional methods to step up the growth and development of high-risk neonates in neonatal intensive care units.

Selection bias occurs when a study’s sample is not representative of the entire population, which can lead to incorrect conclusions.